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Due to the unique operating environment of ships, once a fire occurs, it is extremely difficult to escape. The International Convention for the Safety of Life at Sea (SOLAS), jointly formulated by member states of the International Maritime Organization (IMO), stipulates the statutory requirements for fire safety on ships. In combination with the International Fire Safety Systems (FSS) Code, it provides systematic fire safety requirements and measures, covering fire prevention, detection, firefighting, and evacuation. Among these, for various types of ships, based on the risk of fire, the most basic and important fire protection measure is the division into several compartments using heat-resistant and structural partitions. Marine fire doors are used in spaces and corridors requiring “A”, “B”, and “H” class fire-rated divisions. What are the specific requirements? Let's take a look.

What is a Marine Fire Door?
As one of the important fire barriers on ships, marine fire doors work together with bulkheads to provide separation during a fire, preventing the spread of fire and protecting lives onboard. They often also have sealing functions (e.g., airtight, watertight, or weatherproof) or shielding functions (e.g., sound insulation, electromagnetic shielding, or nuclear radiation shielding).
“A” and “B” class marine fire doors are used on conventional merchant ships, while “H” class fire doors are mainly used for fire-rated partitions in vessels or offshore facilities with higher hazard levels, such as offshore drilling platforms, FPSOs, and LNG carriers. The requirements for “H” class doors are stricter than those for “A” class doors.

Fire Resistance Requirements for Marine Fire DoorsFire Integrity Requirements:

• “A” class fire doors must pass a 1-hour standard fire test and remain intact to prevent smoke and flame penetration.
• “B” class fire doors must pass a 0.5-hour standard fire test and remain intact to prevent flame penetration.
• “H” class fire doors must pass a 2-hour standard fire test and remain intact to prevent smoke and flame penetration.

Thermal Insulation Requirements:

• “A-0”, “B-0”, and “H-0” class fire doors only need to meet the fire integrity requirement.
• “A”, “B”, and “H” class fire doors must meet insulation performance criteria for their respective rating durations, as follows:

What Are the Performance Criteria for Fire Resistance?
Integrity Performance Criteria:

• Flame: No flames on the unexposed side.
• Cotton Pad: The cotton pad must not ignite, i.e., no flaming or flameless combustion.
• Gap Gauge: A 6 mm diameter gauge should not move more than 150 mm along the gap after passing through the fire door; a 25 mm gauge must not pass through into the furnace.

Insulation Performance Criteria:

• Average Temperature: Temperature rise from initial temperature must not exceed 140°C.
• Maximum Temperature: For “A” and “H” class fire doors, the maximum temperature rise must not exceed 180°C from the initial temperature; for “B” class fire doors, not more than 225°C.

What Are the Design Requirements for Marine Fire Doors?
Structural Requirements:

• “A” and “B” class must comply with Chapter II-2, Regulation 3 and 9 of the 1974 SOLAS Convention and its amendments, and the IMO 2010 FTP Code.
• “H” class must comply with the IMO 2010 FTP Code and ISO/TR 834-3.

Material Requirements:

• Insulation materials (e.g., ceramic wool, rock wool, calcium silicate board, etc.): Non-combustibility must meet Part 1 of the IMO 2010 FTP Code.
• Adhesives: Low flame-spread properties must meet Part 5 of the IMO 2010 FTP Code.
• All non-metallic materials used in fire doors must be asbestos-free.

Key Points of the Fire Resistance Test
Test Specimen:

• Size: Fire doors must be manufactured to the largest approved size (through-hole dimensions) for standard fire testing.
• Bulkhead selection: During the test, the fire door must be installed on a bulkhead with a fire rating not less than the fire door itself (e.g., an A-60 fire door must be installed on an A-60 rated bulkhead).

Fire Door Installation:

• The door frame must be connected to the bulkhead in the same way as in actual use. During testing, the door leaf remains closed but not locked, and usually opens outward from the furnace.

Fire Exposure Direction:

• In general, the weaker side should face the fire. If unclear, both sides should be tested, or a specific side is designated.

Test Methods:

• “A” and “B” class fire doors: Test according to Part 3 of the IMO 2010 FTP Code.
• “H” class fire doors: Test according to Part 3 of the IMO 2010 FTP Code and ISO/TR 834-3.
  As shown below, the heating curve for “H” class fire doors is a hydrocarbon curve, subject to higher thermal shock than the “A” class.

Contents of the Test Report

• Insulation Materials: Non-combustibility test report must comply with Part 1 of the IMO 2010 FTP Code. Valid within 24 months or have a valid type approval certificate from a classification society.
• Adhesives (if any): Low flame-spread test report must comply with Part 5 of the IMO 2010 FTP Code. Valid within 24 months or have a valid low flame-spread material certificate.
• Standard Fire Test Report: Must comply with Part 3 of the IMO 2010 FTP Code, or both ISO/TR 834-3 & Part 3 of the IMO 2010 FTP Code.